Even Eusebius observed that Polycarp must have known 1 Peter.39 Other early Christian literary sources clearly resonate with the text as well. So the influence of 1Clem on the formulation of PolPhil has been overwhelmingly recognized.40 The bishop of Smyrna also knows most of the Pauline Epistles. He refers explicitly to Paul’s teaching, to his stay in Philippi, and to his letter to this church (PolPhil 11.2–3). On the basis of this information from PolPhil, a scholarly